Talking of Science - Summary (English)
"Talking of Science" is an inspiring interview with Dr Ajith Parameswaran, a young astrophysicist from Kerala who has achieved international recognition in his field. The interview begins with the opening quote from Galileo Galilei emphasizing that individual reasoning and observation are more valuable than blind acceptance of authority in science.
The interview explores what scientists actually do - they create knowledge rather than just consume it. Dr Ajith explains that while everyone uses knowledge in their daily lives (farmers knowing when to sow, vendors doing arithmetic, engineers designing bridges), scientists are focused on creating new knowledge.
Dr Ajith shares his childhood inspiration - a Malayalam book titled "എന്തുകൊണ്ട്? എന്തുകൊണ്ട്? എന്തുകൊണ്ട്?" (Why is it so?) from his local library. This book sparked his curiosity about natural phenomena. He emphasizes that books remain more reliable sources of information compared to most online content.
The interview addresses important unanswered questions in science, particularly relevant to Kerala: reasons for increasing human-animal conflicts, extreme weather events like flash floods and landslides, frequent outbreaks of rare viral diseases, and mosquito population explosions. These questions highlight that despite our scientific progress, many important mysteries remain unsolved.
Dr Ajith stresses that curiosity is essential for good scientists. While children naturally ask questions, adults often stop doing so either because they don't care or fear appearing ignorant. Scientists must retain childlike curiosity and admit their ignorance to discover truth. However, curiosity alone isn't enough - scientists need a strong understanding of existing knowledge, as Newton said, "If I have seen farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants."
He outlines the qualities of good scientists: mastering research techniques, asking the right questions, conducting careful experiments, arriving at logical and unbiased conclusions, and critically evaluating all evidence. A good scientist is always engaged in research.
When asked who can become a scientist, Dr Ajith offers an encouraging perspective: "Not everyone can become a great scientist, but a great scientist can come from anywhere. So I would say, anyone can become a scientist." His message to youngsters is clear: don't hesitate to follow your interests and passion, work hard, and believe that there is a place for everyone who puts in the effort.
സംഗ്രഹം (Malayalam)
"സയൻസിനെക്കുറിച്ച് സംസാരിക്കുമ്പോൾ" എന്നത് തന്റെ മേഖലയിൽ അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര അംഗീകാരം നേടിയ കേരളത്തിൽ നിന്നുള്ള യുവ ജ്യോതിശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞനായ ഡോ. അജിത്ത് പരമേശ്വരനുമായുള്ള പ്രചോദനാത്മകമായ ഒരു അഭിമുഖമാണ്. ഗലീലിയോ ഗലീലിയുടെ ഒരു ഉദ്ധരണിയോടെ ആരംഭിക്കുന്ന അഭിമുഖം, സയൻസിൽ അന്ധമായ അധികാര സ്വീകാരത്തേക്കാൾ വ്യക്തിഗത യുക്തിയും നിരീക്ഷണവുമാണ് വിലപ്പെട്ടത് എന്ന് ഊന്നിപ്പറയുന്നു.
ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർ യഥാർത്ഥത്തിൽ എന്താണ് ചെയ്യുന്നത് എന്ന് അഭിമുഖം പര്യവേക്ഷണം ചെയ്യുന്നു - അവർ അറിവ് ഉപഭോഗം ചെയ്യുക മാത്രമല്ല, പുതിയ അറിവ് സൃഷ്ടിക്കുകയാണ്. എല്ലാവരും ദൈനംദിന ജീവിതത്തിൽ അറിവ് ഉപയോഗിക്കുമ്പോൾ (കർഷകർക്ക് എപ്പോൾ വിതയ്ക്കണമെന്ന് അറിയണം, കച്ചവടക്കാർ മനസ്സിൽ ഗണിതശാസ്ത്രം ചെയ്യണം, എഞ്ചിനീയർമാർക്ക് പാലങ്ങൾ രൂപകൽപ്പന ചെയ്യാൻ അറിയണം), ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർ പുതിയ അറിവ് സൃഷ്ടിക്കുന്നതിൽ ശ്രദ്ധ കേന്ദ്രീകരിക്കുന്നു എന്ന് ഡോ. അജിത്ത് വിശദീകരിക്കുന്നു.
തന്റെ ബാല്യകാല പ്രചോദനം ഡോ. അജിത്ത് പങ്കുവെക്കുന്നു - പ്രാദേശിക ലൈബ്രറിയിൽ നിന്ന് "എന്തുകൊണ്ട്? എന്തുകൊണ്ട്? എന്തുകൊണ്ട്?" എന്ന മലയാളം പുസ്തകം. ഈ പുസ്തകം പ്രകൃതി പ്രതിഭാസങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ കൗതുകം ജ്വലിപ്പിച്ചു. മിക്ക ഓൺലൈൻ ഉള്ളടക്കങ്ങളുമായി താരതമ്യപ്പെടുത്തുമ്പോൾ പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ കൂടുതൽ വിശ്വസനീയമായ വിവരങ്ങളുടെ ഉറവിടങ്ങളായി തുടരുന്നു എന്ന് അദ്ദേഹം ഊന്നിപ്പറയുന്നു.
കേരളവുമായി പ്രത്യേകിച്ച് പ്രസക്തമായ, സയൻസിൽ ഉത്തരം കിട്ടാത്ത പ്രധാന ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ അഭിമുഖം അഭിസംബോധന ചെയ്യുന്നു: മനുഷ്യ-മൃഗ സംഘർഷങ്ങൾ വർധിക്കുന്നതിന്റെ കാരണങ്ങൾ, പെരുമഴ, മണ്ണിടിച്ചിൽ തുടങ്ങിയ തീവ്ര കാലാവസ്ഥാ സംഭവങ്ങൾ, അപൂർവ വൈറൽ രോഗങ്ങളുടെ പതിവ് പൊട്ടിപ്പുറപ്പെടലുകൾ, കൊതുകുകളുടെ ജനസംഖ്യാ വർധനവ്. ഈ ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ നമ്മുടെ ശാസ്ത്രീയ പുരോഗതി ഉണ്ടായിട്ടും പല പ്രധാന രഹസ്യങ്ങളും ഇപ്പോഴും പരിഹരിക്കപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല എന്ന് എടുത്തുകാണിക്കുന്നു.
നല്ല ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർക്ക് കൗതുകം അത്യാവശ്യമാണെന്ന് ഡോ. അജിത്ത് ഊന്നിപ്പറയുന്നു. കുട്ടികൾ സ്വാഭാവികമായി ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ ചോദിക്കുമ്പോൾ, മുതിർന്നവർ പലപ്പോഴും അത് നിർത്തുന്നു, ഒന്നുകിൽ അവർക്ക് താൽപ്പര്യമില്ലാത്തതുകൊണ്ടോ അജ്ഞരായി കാണപ്പെടാനുള്ള ഭയം കൊണ്ടോ. സത്യം കണ്ടെത്താൻ ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർ കുട്ടികളെപ്പോലെയുള്ള കൗതുകം നിലനിർത്തുകയും അവരുടെ അജ്ഞത സമ്മതിക്കുകയും വേണം. എന്നിരുന്നാലും, കൗതുകം മാത്രം പര്യാപ്തമല്ല - നിലവിലുള്ള അറിവിനെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള ശക്തമായ ധാരണ ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർക്ക് ആവശ്യമാണ്, ന്യൂട്ടൻ പറഞ്ഞതുപോലെ, "ഞാൻ കൂടുതൽ ദൂരം കണ്ടിട്ടുണ്ടെങ്കിൽ, അത് ഭീമന്മാരുടെ തോളിൽ നിൽക്കുന്നതുകൊണ്ടാണ്."
നല്ല ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞരുടെ ഗുണങ്ങൾ അദ്ദേഹം വിവരിക്കുന്നു: ഗവേഷണ സാങ്കേതികതകളിൽ പ്രാവീണ്യം നേടൽ, ശരിയായ ചോദ്യങ്ങൾ ചോദിക്കൽ, ശ്രദ്ധാപൂർവ്വം പരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ നടത്തൽ, യുക്തിസഹവും പക്ഷപാതരഹിതവുമായ നിഗമനങ്ങളിൽ എത്തിച്ചേരൽ, എല്ലാ തെളിവുകളും വിമർശനാത്മകമായി വിലയിരുത്തൽ. ഒരു നല്ല ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ എപ്പോഴും ഗവേഷണത്തിൽ ഏർപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു.
ആർക്കൊക്കെ ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞനാകാമെന്ന് ചോദിച്ചപ്പോൾ, ഡോ. അജിത്ത് പ്രോത്സാഹജനകമായ ഒരു വീക്ഷണം വാഗ്ദാനം ചെയ്യുന്നു: "എല്ലാവർക്കും മഹാനായ ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞനാകാൻ കഴിയില്ലായിരിക്കാം, പക്ഷേ ഒരു മഹാനായ ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ എവിടെ നിന്നും വരാം. അതുകൊണ്ട് ആർക്കും ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞനാകാം എന്ന് ഞാൻ പറയും." യുവാക്കൾക്കുള്ള അദ്ദേഹത്തിന്റെ സന്ദേശം വ്യക്തമാണ്: നിങ്ങളുടെ താൽപ്പര്യങ്ങളും അഭിനിവേശവും പിന്തുടരാൻ മടിക്കരുത്, കഠിനാധ്വാനം ചെയ്യുക, പ്രയത്നം നടത്തുന്ന എല്ലാവർക്കും ഒരു സ്ഥാനമുണ്ടെന്ന് വിശ്വസിക്കുക.
About Dr Ajith Parameswaran
Personal Background
Dr Ajith Parameswaran (1980 - )
- Born and brought up in Chemmaniyode village, Malappuram district, Kerala
- Grew up in a rural setting with limited resources
- Education from local schools in his village
- Regular visitor to the local library during childhood
Educational Journey
- Nurtured by dedicated teachers in local schools
- Inspired by books from the local library, especially the Malayalam book "എന്തുകൊണ്ട്? എന്തുകൊണ്ട്? എന്തുകൊണ്ട്?" published by Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad
- Developed scientific temper through reading and curiosity
- Pursued higher education in physics and astrophysics
Professional Achievements
Current Position:
- Astrophysicist at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS), Bengaluru
- Working on cutting-edge research in theoretical physics and astrophysics
Recognition:
- Won the prestigious 2020 TWAS-CAS Young Scientist Award for Frontier Science
- TWAS (The World Academy of Sciences) is an international organization promoting scientific excellence in developing countries
- CAS (Chinese Academy of Sciences) collaboration award recognizes outstanding young scientists
His Message
Dr Ajith represents the possibility that great scientists can emerge from anywhere, regardless of their background. His journey from a village in Malappuram to international recognition in astrophysics proves that:
- Local resources (schools and libraries) can nurture scientific talent
- Curiosity and hard work matter more than privileged backgrounds
- Anyone with passion and dedication can become a scientist
- Supporting local educational institutions is crucial for developing future scientists
Inspiration for Students
His story is particularly inspiring for students from rural areas and those who may feel they lack resources. He demonstrates that:
- Books and libraries are powerful tools for learning
- Local teachers can make a significant difference
- Scientific curiosity can be cultivated anywhere
- Success in science doesn't require expensive equipment or elite institutions to start with
- Passion, persistence, and proper guidance can overcome resource limitations
📝 Questions and Answers
While Reading Questions:
Q1. Do you think that asking questions is fundamental to all scientific exploration? How do questions move science forward?
Answer: Yes, asking questions is absolutely fundamental to all scientific exploration. Questions are the starting point of all scientific inquiry and discovery.
How questions move science forward:
- Identification of Problems: Questions help identify what we don't know or understand, creating clear goals for research
- Direction for Research: They guide scientists on what to investigate and which experiments to conduct
- Testing Theories: Questions help test existing theories and challenge accepted knowledge
- Driving Innovation: Unanswered questions motivate scientists to develop new tools, methods, and technologies
- Creating Knowledge: As Dr Ajith mentioned, scientists create knowledge, and this creation begins with questions
- Building on Previous Work: Questions help scientists understand gaps in existing knowledge and where to focus next
Examples from the text:
- Dr Ajith lists several unanswered questions about Kerala: human-animal conflicts, extreme weather events, viral diseases, mosquito populations
- These questions drive current scientific research and will lead to future discoveries
Without questions, there would be no curiosity, no investigation, and no progress in science. Questions are what transform observation into understanding.
Q2. 'Curiosity is at the heart of science.' Do you agree?
Answer: Yes, I completely agree that curiosity is at the heart of science.
Reasons:
- Natural Starting Point: Dr Ajith explains that children naturally ask questions due to curiosity, and scientists must retain this childlike quality
- Drives Knowledge Creation: Curiosity motivates scientists to seek answers and create new knowledge
- Overcomes Ignorance: Scientists must admit their ignorance and be curious enough to fill those gaps
- Continuous Learning: A good scientist, as Dr Ajith says, "is always doing research, perhaps even on her deathbed" - this lifelong engagement comes from curiosity
- Questions Everything: Curiosity makes scientists question accepted beliefs and look for deeper truths
Historical Evidence:
- Isaac Newton's curiosity about falling apples led to the Laws of Gravity
- Galileo's questioning of authority led to revolutionary discoveries
- Dr Ajith's childhood curiosity sparked by "എന്തുകൊണ്ട്?" led him to become an astrophysicist
Why Adults Lose It:
- Dr Ajith notes that adults often stop asking questions either because they don't care or fear appearing ignorant
- Scientists must overcome this and maintain curiosity throughout their lives
Without curiosity, science would stagnate. Curiosity is what transforms a person who consumes knowledge into a scientist who creates it.
Q3. How does observation help us understand natural phenomena?
Answer: Observation is a crucial tool for understanding natural phenomena and is fundamental to the scientific method.
How observation helps:
- Identifies Patterns: Through careful observation, scientists can identify patterns in nature (like Newton observing falling apples)
- Generates Questions: Observation reveals phenomena that need explanation, leading to scientific questions
- Collects Data: Systematic observation provides data that scientists can analyze
- Tests Hypotheses: Observations help verify or disprove scientific theories
- Reveals Relationships: Observation helps identify connections between different natural events
- Leads to Discovery: Many scientific breakthroughs come from keen observation of everyday phenomena
Examples from the text:
- The opening quote mentions thousands of people saw apples falling, but only Newton's keen observation related it to gravity
- Dr Ajith mentions observing phenomena like flash floods, landslides, and mosquito populations in Kerala
Galileo's perspective: The opening quote emphasizes that careful individual observation and reasoning are more valuable than accepting authority without question.
Key point: Observation alone isn't enough - it must be combined with curiosity, questioning, and systematic analysis. But it's the essential first step in understanding the natural world.
Q4. What are the unsolved mysteries you would like to solve, with the help of science?
Answer: (Personal answer will vary. Sample answer:)
Mysteries I'd like to solve:
- Climate Change Solutions:
- How can we reverse or slow down global warming effectively?
- What renewable energy sources can completely replace fossil fuels?
- Medical Breakthroughs:
- Can we find a permanent cure for cancer?
- How can we prevent or cure Alzheimer's and other degenerative diseases?
- Space Exploration:
- Is there life on other planets?
- Can humans safely travel to and colonize other planets?
- Environmental Protection:
- How can we clean plastic from oceans without harming marine life?
- How do we restore destroyed ecosystems and prevent species extinction?
- Local Issues (like Dr Ajith mentioned):
- What causes the increasing human-animal conflicts in Kerala?
- How can we predict and prevent natural disasters like floods and landslides?
Why these interest me: These mysteries have practical importance for humanity's future and the planet's wellbeing. Solving them would improve lives, protect nature, and ensure a sustainable future for coming generations.
Like Dr Ajith says, pursuing our interests with passion and hard work can help us contribute to solving these important questions.
Q5. Do you want to become a scientist? How will you equip yourself for this?
Answer: (Personal answer will vary. Sample answer:)
Yes, I am interested in becoming a scientist (or alternatively: While I may not want to become a professional scientist, I want to develop a scientific temperament).
How I will equip myself:
- Develop Curiosity:
- Ask questions about natural phenomena I observe
- Never stop wondering "why" and "how"
- Retain childlike curiosity as Dr Ajith suggests
- Read Extensively:
- Read science books from libraries (like Dr Ajith did)
- Study reliable sources rather than depending only on internet
- Learn about discoveries made by great scientists
- Strong Foundation:
- Focus on mathematics and science subjects in school
- Understand existing knowledge to "stand on shoulders of giants" as Newton said
- Pay attention to teachers who nurture scientific thinking
- Practice Scientific Method:
- Make observations carefully
- Ask the right questions
- Conduct experiments (even simple ones at home)
- Analyze results logically without bias
- Develop Key Qualities:
- Master research techniques
- Learn to think critically
- Develop patience and persistence
- Practice unbiased evaluation of evidence
- Follow Passion:
- Pursue my specific scientific interests seriously
- Work hard as Dr Ajith advises
- Don't hesitate to follow unconventional paths
- Use Available Resources:
- Make maximum use of school facilities
- Visit local libraries regularly
- Participate in science clubs and competitions
- Seek guidance from teachers and mentors
Dr Ajith's message that "anyone can become a scientist" and "a great scientist can come from anywhere" is very encouraging. His own journey from a village in Malappuram to international recognition proves that with curiosity, hard work, and dedication, it's possible to achieve great things in science.
Let's Rewind Questions:
Q1. "Books remain a source of reliable information unlike most of what we get online." Do you agree? Give reasons.
Answer: Yes, I agree with Dr Ajith Parameswaran that books generally remain more reliable sources of information compared to most online content.
Reasons to Agree:
- Editorial Process:
- Books go through rigorous editorial review, fact-checking, and peer review before publication
- Online content can be posted by anyone without verification
- Expert Authorship:
- Books are typically written by experts, scholars, and researchers in their fields
- Online information sources are often anonymous or from unqualified individuals
- Accountability:
- Publishers and authors have reputations to maintain
- Online posts can be made anonymously without accountability
- Depth and Context:
- Books provide comprehensive, in-depth coverage of topics
- Online content is often fragmented and lacks context
- Less Misinformation:
- Books undergo fact-checking before publication
- Online platforms are filled with misinformation, fake news, and unverified claims
- No Algorithm Bias:
- Books present information objectively
- Online content is often filtered by algorithms that show us what we want to see, not what's true
- Permanent Record:
- Books maintain consistent information
- Online content can be edited or deleted anytime
However, Online Content Has Advantages:
- More current and up-to-date information
- Accessible and searchable
- Free and widely available
- Can include multimedia elements
Balanced Approach: The best approach is to use both resources wisely:
- Use books for foundational, reliable knowledge
- Use reputable online sources (academic journals, established institutions) for current information
- Always verify online information from multiple credible sources
- Develop critical thinking to evaluate source credibility
Dr Ajith's childhood experience with the library book "എന്തുകൊണ്ട്?" shows how books can inspire and educate reliably, which is why they remain valuable in the digital age.
Q2. How does asking questions help in developing our understanding?
Answer: Asking questions is fundamental to developing understanding and is central to the learning process.
How questions develop understanding:
1: Identifies Knowledge Gaps:
- Questions reveal what we don't know or understand
- They help us recognize areas that need further exploration
- As Dr Ajith says, scientists must "admit their ignorance"
2: Promotes Active Learning:
- Questions engage our minds actively with the material
- We process information more deeply when we question it
- Passive acceptance doesn't lead to true understanding
3: Encourages Critical Thinking:
- Questions force us to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information
- They help us distinguish between facts and opinions
- We learn to think logically and arrive at unbiased conclusions
4: Stimulates Curiosity:
- One question leads to another, creating a chain of inquiry
- Dr Ajith mentions that curiosity drives the quest for knowledge
- Questions keep our minds engaged and eager to learn
5: Challenges Assumptions:
- Questions help us test what we think we know
- They prevent us from blindly accepting information
- Galileo's quote emphasizes questioning authority rather than accepting it
6: Clarifies Concepts:
- When we ask questions, we seek clear explanations
- Ambiguities are resolved through questioning
- Complex ideas become simpler when broken down through questions
7: Creates Connections:
- Questions help us relate new information to existing knowledge
- We understand how different concepts connect
- Newton's insight came from questioning the connection between falling apples and gravity
8: Drives Research:
- Scientific research begins with questions
- Dr Ajith lists several unanswered questions that drive current research
- Questions give direction and purpose to investigation
Dr Ajith's Perspective: He notes that while children naturally ask questions, adults often don't, either because they don't care or fear appearing ignorant. Scientists must maintain this questioning nature throughout their lives.
Practical Application:
- Students who ask "why" and "how" understand concepts better than those who just memorize
- Teachers encourage questions because they indicate engagement and thinking
- Research scientists, as Dr Ajith explains, must "ask the right questions" to conduct meaningful research
Conclusion: Questions transform us from passive receivers of information into active seekers of knowledge. They are the bridge between ignorance and understanding, between confusion and clarity. Without questions, there can be no deep learning or real understanding.
Q3. Why does Dr Ajith Parameswaran say that anyone can become a scientist?
Answer: Dr Ajith says "anyone can become a scientist" to emphasize that scientific ability is not limited to people from privileged backgrounds or specific locations. His statement is both encouraging and based on his own life experience.
Reasons behind his statement:
1: Personal Example:
- Dr Ajith himself came from Chemmaniyode, a village in Malappuram
- He used local school and library resources
- His success proves that great scientists can emerge from anywhere
2: Democratic Nature of Science:
- Science requires curiosity, hard work, and dedication - qualities anyone can develop
- It doesn't depend on wealth, social status, or geographic location
- As he says, "Not everyone can become a great scientist, but a great scientist can come from anywhere"
3: Accessible Resources:
- Basic resources like schools and libraries are available in most places
- Books remain reliable sources of knowledge
- With hard work, limited resources can be sufficient to start
4: Universal Qualities:
- The essential qualities of a scientist (curiosity, logical thinking, persistence) can be developed by anyone
- Childlike curiosity is natural to all humans
- These qualities matter more than expensive equipment or elite institutions
5: Encouragement for Youth:
- His message is meant to inspire youngsters from all backgrounds
- He wants to remove barriers that discourage talented people
- Believes there is "a place for everyone" who works hard
6: Historical Evidence:
- Many great scientists came from modest backgrounds
- Isaac Newton, mentioned in the interview, came from a farming family
- Revolutionary discoveries often come from unexpected sources
Important Qualification: Dr Ajith doesn't claim everyone will become a "great" scientist, but that anyone with passion and dedication can pursue science. The key is:
- Following your interests seriously
- Working hard
- Not letting your background limit your aspirations
Practical Message:
- Don't let your circumstances discourage you
- Use available resources effectively
- Develop scientific temperament through reading and questioning
- Work hard and believe in yourself
His statement is particularly significant coming from someone who achieved international recognition starting from a Kerala village, proving that the path to science is open to all who are willing to pursue it with dedication.
Q4. What, in your opinion, are the essential qualities of a good scientist? Mention any two.
Answer: Based on the interview with Dr Ajith Parameswaran, here are two essential qualities of a good scientist:
1. Curiosity and Questioning Spirit
Why it's essential:
- Dr Ajith emphasizes that "curiosity is at the heart of science"
- Scientists must retain childlike curiosity throughout their lives
- They must be willing to ask questions and admit ignorance
- Curiosity drives the quest for knowledge and discovery
How it manifests:
- Constantly asking "why" and "how" about natural phenomena
- Never being satisfied with superficial answers
- Questioning accepted beliefs and authority (as Galileo's quote suggests)
- Maintaining wonder about the natural world
Example:
- Dr Ajith's childhood curiosity sparked by the book "എന്തുകൊണ്ട്?" led him to become an astrophysicist
- Newton's curiosity about falling apples led to laws of gravity
2. Logical and Unbiased Thinking
Why it's essential:
- Scientists must arrive at logical conclusions based on evidence
- They need to critically evaluate all evidence without prejudice
- Research must be conducted carefully and systematically
- Conclusions should be based on facts, not personal beliefs or biases
How it manifests:
- Conducting careful experiments with proper methodology
- Analyzing data objectively without letting personal preferences influence results
- Being willing to change conclusions when new evidence appears
- Not jumping to conclusions based on limited information
- Testing hypotheses rigorously before accepting them
Example:
- Dr Ajith mentions scientists must "conduct careful experiments, to arrive at logical and unbiased conclusions, critically evaluating all the evidence"
- This prevents pseudoscience and ensures scientific progress is based on truth
Other Important Qualities Mentioned:
- Strong Foundation of Knowledge: Understanding what's already known (standing on shoulders of giants)
- Research Skills: Mastering research techniques
- Ability to Ask Right Questions: Not just any questions, but relevant, meaningful ones
- Persistence: Always doing research, continuous engagement with their field
- Hard Work and Dedication: As Dr Ajith advises, "you will have to work for it"
- Passion: Following interests seriously and with commitment
Q5. Do you now agree that science is entirely different from mere opinion? Why?
Answer: Yes, I completely agree that science is entirely different from mere opinion. The interview with Dr Ajith clearly establishes this distinction.
Why Science is Different from Opinion:
1. Based on Evidence, Not Belief:
- Science: Relies on observations, experiments, and data
- Opinion: Based on personal beliefs, preferences, or feelings
- Dr Ajith emphasizes conducting "careful experiments" and "critically evaluating all the evidence"
2. Systematic Methodology:
- Science: Follows rigorous research techniques and systematic processes
- Opinion: Can be formed instantly without any systematic approach
- Scientists must "master research techniques" and follow proper procedures
3. Testable and Verifiable:
- Science: Scientific claims can be tested and verified by others
- Opinion: Personal opinions cannot be tested or proven
- Scientific knowledge can be replicated in laboratories worldwide
4. Subject to Change with Evidence:
- Science: Changes when new evidence contradicts old theories
- Opinion: Often remains unchanged despite contradictory evidence
- Scientists must arrive at "logical and unbiased conclusions"
5. Universal Agreement Possible:
- Science: Different scientists conducting same experiments get same results
- Opinion: Different people can have completely different opinions on same matter
- Scientific facts (like gravity) are accepted universally
6. Requires Expertise and Training:
- Science: Dr Ajith explains scientists need to understand existing knowledge, master techniques, and develop skills
- Opinion: Anyone can have an opinion without any training or knowledge
7. Creates Reliable Knowledge:
- Science: As Dr Ajith says, scientists "create knowledge" - reliable, tested knowledge
- Opinion: Opinions don't create knowledge, just express personal views
8. Not Based on Authority:
- Science: Galileo's quote: "In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual"
- Opinion: Often influenced by popular belief or authority figures
- Science values evidence over authority
9. Objective, Not Subjective:
- Science: Seeks objective truth about natural world
- Opinion: Subjective expressions of personal perspective
10. Solves Real Problems:
- Science: Answers important questions (like those Dr Ajith mentions about Kerala's environmental issues)
- Opinion: Cannot solve real-world problems
Examples from the Text:
- Dr Ajith mentions unanswered scientific questions about human-animal conflicts, extreme weather, viral diseases - these need scientific investigation, not opinions
- Newton's discovery of gravity wasn't an opinion but a scientifically proven law
- Dr Ajith's work in astrophysics is based on mathematical calculations and observations, not personal opinions
Conclusion: While opinions have their place in matters of taste, preference, or values, they cannot replace science in understanding the natural world. As Dr Ajith demonstrates, science is a rigorous, systematic, evidence-based process for creating reliable knowledge - fundamentally different from expressing personal opinions.
Key Themes and Messages
Main Themes:
- Curiosity as Foundation: Childlike curiosity is essential for scientific discovery
- Accessibility of Science: Great scientists can come from anywhere, not just privileged backgrounds
- Knowledge Creation vs. Consumption: Scientists create knowledge while most people consume it
- Questioning Authority: Individual reasoning and observation matter more than blind acceptance
- Lifelong Learning: Good scientists never stop researching and learning
- Local Resources Matter: Libraries and schools can nurture scientific talent
- Hard Work and Passion: Success requires dedication and following your interests
- Unanswered Questions: Many important scientific mysteries remain to be solved
- Scientific Method: Systematic, logical, unbiased approach to understanding nature
- Inspiration and Hope: Anyone with dedication can pursue science
Life Lessons:
- Don't let your background limit your aspirations
- Maintain curiosity throughout life
- Books are valuable, reliable sources of knowledge
- Ask questions without fear of appearing ignorant
- Work hard and follow your passion
- Build on existing knowledge (stand on shoulders of giants)
- Think logically and critically
- Admit ignorance and seek to fill knowledge gaps
- Local resources (libraries, schools) are powerful tools
- Persistence and dedication lead to success
Activity Answers
Activity 1A: Features of a Good Interview
Complete list of features:
- Rapport between interviewer and interviewee - Friendly, comfortable atmosphere
- Conversational style - Natural flow of dialogue
- Well-researched questions - Interviewer prepared with relevant, thoughtful questions
- Clear and focused - Questions stay on topic and have clear purpose
- Respectful tone - Both parties show mutual respect
- Active listening - Interviewer responds to answers, asks follow-up questions
- Open-ended questions - Allows detailed, meaningful responses rather than yes/no answers
- Good introduction and conclusion - Proper opening greeting and closing thanks
- Logical flow - Questions arranged in sensible order
- Allows personality to show - Interviewee can express themselves naturally
- Informative and engaging - Provides valuable information while keeping interest
- Appropriate length - Not too long or too short
Features evident in Dr Ajith's interview:
- Informal, friendly tone (calling him "Ajith" instead of "Dr Parameswaran")
- Questions flow logically from what scientists do, to his inspiration, to qualities needed
- Open-ended questions that allow detailed, thoughtful responses
- Good rapport - interviewer builds on his answers
- Clear introduction and proper thank you at end
Activity 1B: Preparing Interview Questions for a Prominent Person
Sample Questions for Various Prominent Persons:
For a Local Doctor:
- Could you please tell us something about your early life?
- What inspired you to choose medicine as a career?
- What are the most common health issues you see in our community?
- How has medical practice changed during your years of experience?
- What advice would you give to students interested in pursuing medicine?
- What has been the most challenging case you've handled?
- How do you balance your professional and personal life?
- What message would you like to give to our community about health?
For a Local Teacher:
- Could you please tell us something about your early life?
- What motivated you to become a teacher?
- How has teaching changed over the years you've been in this profession?
- What qualities do you think make a good teacher?
- What are the biggest challenges facing education today?
- Can you share a memorable experience with students that impacted you?
- What study methods do you recommend for students?
- What is your message to parents about supporting their children's education?
For a Successful Entrepreneur:
- Could you please tell us something about your early life?
- What inspired you to start your own business?
- What were the biggest challenges you faced in the beginning?
- How did you overcome failures and setbacks?
- What skills are most important for entrepreneurs?
- How do you balance risk-taking with careful planning?
- What advice would you give to young people wanting to start businesses?
- What are your future plans for your business?
For a Social Worker:
- Could you please tell us something about your early life?
- What motivated you to work in the social service sector?
- What are the main social issues you're addressing in our community?
- Can you share a success story from your work?
- What challenges do you face in social work?
- How can young people contribute to social causes?
- What changes would you like to see in our community?
- What keeps you motivated in this work?
For an Athlete:
- Could you please tell us something about your early life?
- How did you get started in your sport?
- What does your daily training routine look like?
- What has been your most memorable achievement?
- How do you handle pressure during competitions?
- What sacrifices have you made for your sport?
- What advice would you give to young aspiring athletes?
- What are your future goals in your sporting career?
For an Artist/Writer:
- Could you please tell us something about your early life?
- When did you first realize you had a talent for art/writing?
- Where do you find inspiration for your work?
- Can you describe your creative process?
- What challenges do artists/writers face today?
- How do you handle creative blocks?
- What advice would you give to young people interested in arts/literature?
- What project are you currently working on?
Activity 1C: Tips for Conducting Mock Interviews
Preparation for Interviewer:
- Research your interviewee (even if it's a classmate playing a role)
- Prepare 6-8 main questions
- Be ready with follow-up questions
- Practice maintaining eye contact
- Have a notepad or recording device ready
Preparation for Interviewee:
- Understand the role you're playing
- Think about how that person might respond
- Be prepared with relevant details
- Stay in character throughout
- Answer thoughtfully and naturally
During the Interview:
- Start with a warm greeting and introduction
- Ask questions clearly and wait for complete answers
- Listen actively and respond to what's said
- Ask follow-up questions based on responses
- Maintain a conversational tone
- Be respectful and courteous
- Watch body language (both yours and theirs)
- Keep track of time
- End with a proper thank you
After the Interview:
- Provide feedback to each other
- Discuss what went well
- Identify areas for improvement
- Practice again with different roles
Learning Points:
- Notice how Dr Ajith's interview maintained a friendly, conversational tone
- Observe how questions built on previous answers
- See how the interviewer showed interest and respect
- Learn from the logical flow of questions
Important Vocabulary
Authority - The power or right to give orders and make decisions; expert knowledge in a particular field
Humble - Having a modest opinion of one's own importance; not proud or arrogant
Revolutionary - Causing or involving a complete or dramatic change
Curiosity - A strong desire to know or learn something
Observation - The action or process of carefully watching something or someone
Keen - Having or showing eagerness or enthusiasm; sharp or highly developed
Trail - A path or track; here means the journey or course
Consumers - People who use or purchase something
Arithmetic - The branch of mathematics dealing with numbers
Fascinating - Extremely interesting
Phenomena - Observable facts or events (plural of phenomenon)
Reliable - Consistently good in quality; able to be trusted
Undoubtedly - Without doubt; certainly
Conflicts - Serious disagreements or clashes
Extreme weather events - Unusually severe weather conditions
Flash floods - Sudden, violent floods after heavy rain
Landslides - Mass of earth or rock sliding down a slope
Outbreaks - Sudden occurrences of disease
Viral diseases - Diseases caused by viruses
Quest - A long search for something
Naturally - In a natural manner; as expected
Ignorant - Lacking knowledge or awareness
Admit - Confess to be true; acknowledge
Giants - Here means great thinkers and scientists of the past
Aspiring - Directing one's hopes or ambitions toward becoming something
Master - Acquire complete knowledge or skill in something
Research techniques - Systematic methods used in scientific investigation
Logical - Based on clear, sound reasoning
Unbiased - Showing no prejudice; fair and impartial
Critically - In a careful, analytical way
Evaluating - Assessing or judging the value or quality of something
Evidence - Information or facts indicating whether something is true
Deathbed - The bed where someone is dying or has died
Passion - Strong enthusiasm or desire for something
Equip - Provide with necessary tools, knowledge, or abilities
Astrophysicist - A scientist who studies the physics of the universe, including stars, planets, and galaxies
Frontier science - Research at the cutting edge of scientific knowledge
Campaigner - A person who works actively for a particular cause
Mock interviews - Practice interviews for training purposes
Rapport - A close and harmonious relationship
Conversational - Informal and relaxed in style
Quick Revision Points
About the Text:
- Genre: Interview with a scientist
- Subject: Dr Ajith Parameswaran, astrophysicist from Kerala
- Main Topics: What scientists do, importance of curiosity, qualities of scientists, accessibility of science
- Setting: Professional interview format with conversational tone
Key Quotes:
- "In questions of science, the authority of a thousand is not worth the humble reasoning of a single individual." - Galileo Galilei
- "If I have seen farther, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants." - Isaac Newton
- "Scientists create knowledge" - Dr Ajith
- "Not everyone can become a great scientist, but a great scientist can come from anywhere" - Dr Ajith
- "Anyone can become a scientist" - Dr Ajith
Dr Ajith's Background:
- From Chemmaniyode village, Malappuram, Kerala
- Educated in local schools and inspired by local library
- Won 2020 TWAS-CAS Young Scientist Award
- Currently astrophysicist at ICTS, Bengaluru
Scientists' Work:
- Create knowledge (not just consume it)
- Ask right questions
- Conduct careful experiments
- Arrive at logical, unbiased conclusions
- Critically evaluate evidence
Essential Qualities:
- Curiosity (childlike wonder)
- Logical and unbiased thinking
- Strong knowledge foundation
- Research skills
- Hard work and dedication
- Passion for the subject
Important Unanswered Questions (Kerala context):
- Human-animal conflicts
- Extreme weather events
- Viral disease outbreaks
- Mosquito populations
Message to Students:
- Don't hesitate to follow interests and passion
- Work hard
- There is a place for everyone
- Anyone can become a scientist
Science vs. Opinion:
- Science is based on evidence, systematic method, and objective truth
- Opinion is subjective, personal belief
- Science can be tested and verified
- Scientific knowledge is universal and reliable
Inspirational Takeaways
- Your background doesn't define your future - Dr Ajith came from a village but achieved international recognition
- Local resources are powerful - Libraries and schools can nurture great scientists
- Curiosity is your superpower - Never stop asking questions
- Science needs you - Important questions remain unanswered and need new scientists
- Hard work pays off - Dedication and passion lead to success
- Think for yourself - Question authority and use your own reasoning
- Build on others' work - Stand on the shoulders of giants
- Stay humble - Admit ignorance and seek to learn
- Follow your passion - Don't hesitate to pursue what interests you
- Believe in possibilities - Anyone can become a scientist with dedication