PART A: ONE-WORD QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- Q: Who said, "No taxation without representation"? A: James Ottis
- Q: What is the British policy of treating colonies as raw material centers called? A: Mercantilism
- Q: Who wrote "Common Sense"? A: Thomas Paine
- Q: When was the Declaration of Independence signed? A: 1776
- Q: Who prepared the Declaration of Independence? A: Thomas Jefferson
- Q: First President of USA? A: George Washington
- Q: Who said "I am the state"? A: Louis XIV
- Q: Tax paid by Third Estate to government? A: Taille
- Q: Tax collected by clergy from farmers? A: Tithe
- Q: When was Bastille prison demolished? A: 1789
- Q: Napoleon's final defeat location? A: Waterloo
- Q: Russian legislative assembly? A: Duma
- Q: Event on 9 January 1905 in Russia? A: Bloody Sunday
- Q: Workers' organizations in Russia? A: Soviets
- Q: Leader of October Revolution? A: Lenin
- Q: When did China become People's Republic? A: 1949
- Q: Leader of Chinese Communist Party? A: Mao Zedong
- Q: Chinese journey of 12000 kms? A: Long March
- Q: Rebellion in China in 1900? A: Boxer Rebellion
- Q: American policy towards China? A: Open Door Policy
PART B: 4 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. What were the Mercantilist Laws imposed by Britain on American colonies?
Answer:
- Goods to and from colonies must be carried only in British ships or ships built in British colonies
- Products like sugar, wool, cotton, tobacco could only be exported to England
- Import tax must be paid for tea, glass, paper, etc.
- British stamp must be affixed on all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, licenses
2. Write about the First Continental Congress.
Answer:
- Held in 1774 at Philadelphia
- Delegates from all colonies except Georgia participated
- Protested against British policies and rules
- Submitted petition to King of England demanding revocation of industrial and commercial regulations and no taxation without people's approval
3. Explain the three estates of French society.
Answer:
- First Estate (Clergy): Held vast land, exempted from taxes, collected tithe, controlled administrative positions
- Second Estate (Nobility): Held vast land, exempted from taxes, engaged in military service, collected taxes from farmers
- Third Estate: Middle class, farmers, craftsmen with low social status, paid all taxes, no role in administration
4. What were the causes of financial crisis in France during Louis XVI's rule?
Answer:
- Luxurious life and squander of Bourbon kings, clergy and lords
- Frequent wars waged by France
- Frequent droughts and crop failures
- Financial and military assistance given to American colonies during American War of Independence
5. Explain the Tennis Court Oath.
Answer:
- Third Estate declared themselves as National Assembly of France
- They assembled in nearby tennis court
- Swore not to leave until framing a constitution for France
- This event marked the beginning of French Revolution and showed determination of common people
6. What were Napoleon's major reforms?
Answer:
- Made farmers owners of land
- Constructed roads for transportation
- Established Bank of France to centralize finance
- Formed 'sinking fund' to avoid public debt
- Exercised state control over clergy
- Prepared new code of laws
7. What were the causes of Russian Revolution?
Answer:
- Autocracy of Tsarist Emperor
- Low agricultural and industrial production
- Tragic life of farmers and laborers
- High taxation on landless farmers
- Influence of Marxist ideologies
- Russia's defeat in Russo-Japanese War (1905)
8. Explain Bloody Sunday incident.
Answer:
- Occurred on 9 January 1905 at Petrograd
- Workers organized huge march demanding political rights and economic reforms
- March was fired upon by soldiers
- Hundreds of demonstrators were massacred
- This event intensified revolutionary feelings in Russia
9. What were the demands of Bolsheviks after February Revolution?
Answer:
- Withdraw Russia from First World War
- Seize lands owned by lords and distribute among farmers
- Make factories public property
- Transfer complete power to Soviets
10. Write about Sun Yat-Sen's ideologies.
Answer:
- Nationalism: To expel Manchu dynasty and imperial powers
- Democracy: To establish democratic rule
- Socialism: To control capital and distribute land equally
- These three principles guided Chinese revolutionary movement
PART C: 6 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
1. Explain the events that led to the formation of the United States of America.
Answer: The formation of USA was a gradual process involving several key events:
First Continental Congress (1774):
- Held at Philadelphia with delegates from all colonies except Georgia
- Protested against British policies and submitted petition to King demanding revocation of trade regulations and no taxation without representation
- King responded by sending military force
Second Continental Congress (1775):
- George Washington elected as commander-in-chief of Continental Army
- Thomas Paine's pamphlet "Common Sense" declared it wise for Americans to break ties with Britain
- War began between England and colonies
Continental Congress (1776):
- Declaration of Independence prepared by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin on July 4, 1776
- Formally began American War of Independence
- War ended in 1781
Treaty of Paris (1783):
- England ratified freedom of thirteen colonies
- Constitution Convention held at Philadelphia under James Madison
- American Constitution framed
- George Washington became first President of United States of America
2. Analyze the events that led to the formation of France as a Republic.
Answer: The transformation of France into a Republic involved several crucial events:
Financial Crisis and States General (1789):
- Louis XVI summoned States General to levy new taxes due to financial crisis
- Traditional system gave each estate one vote, allowing first two estates to overrule Third Estate
- Third Estate demanded individual voting for each member
Formation of National Assembly:
- Third Estate declared themselves as National Assembly of France
- Tennis Court Oath - swore not to leave until framing constitution for France
- This marked beginning of people's sovereignty
Revolutionary Events:
- July 14, 1789: Demolition of Bastille prison with slogan "liberty, equality, fraternity"
- August 12, 1789: Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen passed
- October 1789: Women's march to Versailles demanding bread
- September 1792: National Convention proclaimed France as Republic
Key Outcomes:
- End of absolute monarchy
- Establishment of people's government
- Declaration of fundamental rights
- Beginning of modern democratic principles
3. Examine the results and impacts of French Revolution.
Answer: The French Revolution had far-reaching consequences both within France and globally:
Political Impact:
- Ended feudal system in Europe and threatened autocratic rulers
- Proclaimed that nation consists of people, not just territory
- Contributed concept of people's sovereignty
- Led to emergence of nationalism across Europe
- Stimulated later revolutions worldwide
Social Impact:
- Helped growth of middle class
- Spread ideas of equality, liberty and fraternity
- Abolished privileges of clergy and nobility
- Established concept of citizenship and individual rights
Economic Impact:
- Land redistribution from feudal lords to farmers
- Development of capitalist economy
- Growth of trade and industry
- Financial reforms and modern banking system
Global Influence:
- Inspired independence movements in Latin America
- Influenced democratic movements across Europe
- Provided model for constitutional governments
- As Metternich said: "When France sneezes, rest of Europe catches cold"
4. Explain February Revolution and October Revolution in Russia.
Answer:
February Revolution (1917):
- Tsar Nicholas II decided to participate in First World War despite Duma's protest
- Severe food shortage by 1917 due to war
- March 8, 1917: Thousands of women marched in Petrograd demanding bread
- Workers organized protest march in Petrograd
- Initially soldiers clashed with demonstrators, later joined them
- Workers captured Petrograd and Nicholas II was overthrown
- Provisional government formed under Alexander Kerensky (Menshevik leader)
- Called February Revolution due to difference in Russian calendar
October Revolution (1917):
- Group of Soviets opposed provisional government
- Lenin returned from Switzerland and strongly opposed provisional government
- Argued entire power should be transferred to Soviets
- Bolsheviks and Soviets supported Lenin
- October 1917: Bolsheviks organized armed rebellion under Lenin's leadership
- Kerensky fled the country
- Russia came under Bolshevik control
- Established first proletariat government in world history
Significance: Both revolutions marked end of Tsarist autocracy and beginning of socialist experiment that would influence world politics for decades.
5. How did China become a People's Republic? Discuss the role of Mao Zedong.
Answer:
Background:
- After Sun Yat-Sen's death, Chiang Kai-Shek led military autocracy
- Gave opportunities to foreign powers to interfere in China
- Did not cooperate with Communists
- Foreign countries controlled coal, iron industries, banking, and trade
Rise of Mao Zedong:
- Communists protested against Chiang Kai-Shek's policies but were brutally suppressed
- Mao Zedong rose to leadership of Communist Party
- Provided alternative leadership to Chinese people
The Long March (1934):
- Journey started from Kiangsi in South China under Mao's leadership
- Ended at Yanan in Northwestern China
- Covered around 12,000 kilometers
- Throughout journey, seized agricultural land from lords and distributed among farmers
- This journey made Mao and Communist Party symbol of Chinese struggle against foreign powers
Formation of People's Republic:
- Red Army of Mao Zedong captured center of Kuomintang rule
- Chiang Kai-Shek had to seek political asylum in Taiwan
- October 1, 1949: China became People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong's leadership
Significance:
- Ended foreign domination in China
- Established socialist government
- Inspired liberation movements in Asia and Africa
- Made China major world power
6. Analyze the influence of American Revolution on later world history.
Answer:
The American Revolution had profound and lasting impact on world history:
Political Influence:
- Gave direction and motivation to later freedom struggles and revolutions worldwide
- Put forward concept of republican form of government as alternative to monarchy
- Demonstrated that colonies could successfully revolt against imperial powers
- Inspired French Revolution and Latin American independence movements
Constitutional Contributions:
- Prepared first written constitution in modern world
- Established principle of separation of powers
- Introduced concept of fundamental rights and individual liberty
- Created model for constitutional governments globally
Federal System:
- Contributed concept of federal system ensuring freedom and authority of states within union
- Showed how diverse regions could unite while maintaining local autonomy
- Influenced federal structures in countries like Germany, Australia, and India
Ideological Impact:
- Established principle of "no taxation without representation"
- Promoted concepts of popular sovereignty and consent of governed
- Spread ideas of natural rights and equality
- Challenged divine right theory of kingship
Global Revolutionary Spirit:
- Proved that people could overthrow oppressive governments
- Inspired democratic movements across Europe, Latin America, and Asia
- Contributed to end of colonialism in 19th and 20th centuries
- Established precedent for national self-determination
Modern Democratic Principles:
- Introduced concepts of religious freedom and tolerance
- Established importance of free press and expression
- Created model for peaceful transfer of power
- Influenced Universal Declaration of Human Rights
IMPORTANT DATES TO REMEMBER
- 1774: First Continental Congress
- 1775: Second Continental Congress
- 1776: Declaration of Independence (July 4)
- 1783: Treaty of Paris
- 1789: French Revolution begins, Bastille demolished
- 1792: France becomes Republic
- 1815: Battle of Waterloo
- 1905: Bloody Sunday in Russia
- 1917: February and October Revolutions in Russia
- 1934: Long March in China begins
- 1949: People's Republic of China established
KEY PERSONALITIES
American Revolution: James Ottis, Thomas Paine, John Locke, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin
French Revolution: Louis XIV, Louis XV, Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Napoleon
Russian Revolution: Nicholas II, Lenin, Alexander Kerensky, Karl Marx, Frederick Engels
Chinese Revolution: Sun Yat-Sen, Chiang Kai-Shek, Mao Zedong
Latin American Revolution: Jose De San Martin, Francisco Miranda, Simon Bolivar